Hydronephrosis

Definition

Unilateral hydronephrosis is swelling of one kidney due to a backup of urine.

See also:  Bilateral hydronephrosis

Alternative Names

Causes

Hydronephrosis is a condition that occurs with a disease and is not a disease itself. Treatment and prognosis for unilateral hydronephrosis depend what is causing the kidney swelling.

Conditions that are often associated with unilateral hydronephrosis include:

• Acute unilateral obstructive uropathy
• Chronic unilateral obstructive uropathy
• Vesicoureteric reflux (backflow of urine from bladder to kidney)
• Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones)
• Hydronephrosis that occurs without a known cause during pregnancy

Unilateral hydronephrosis occurs in approximately 1 in 100 people.

Symptoms

• Flank pain
• Abdominal mass
• Nausea and vomiting
• Urinary tract infection
• Fever
• Dysuria
• Increased urinary frequency
• Increased urinary urgency

Exams and Tests

Unilateral hydronephrosis is usually identified with tests such as the following:

• Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
• Isotope renography (radio-isotope scan of the kidneys)
• Ultrasound of the kidneys or abdomen
• CT scan of the kidneys or abdomen
• Abdominal MRI

Treatment

Treatment may include:

• A ureteral stent (tube that allows the ureter to drain into the bladder) 
• A nephrostomy tube (allows the blocked urine to drain through the back)
• Antibiotics for infections

Patients who have only one kidney, who have immune-compromising disorders such as diabetes or HIV, or who have received a transplant should be treated promptly.

Preventative antibiotics may be prescribed to decrease the risk of urinary tract infections in patients who have long-term hydronephrosis.

Outlook (Prognosis)

Prolonged hydronephrosis results in the eventual loss of kidney function.

Possible Complications

If hydronephrosis is left untreated, the affected kidney may be permanently damaged. kidney insufficiency or kidney failure is rare with unilateral hydronephrosis because the other kidney usually functions normally. However, if the patient has only one functioning kidney, kidney failure will occur.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Call your health care provider if you have prolonged or severe flank pain, or if you suspect hydronephrosis.

Prevention

Prevention of the disorders associated with unilateral hydronephrosis will prevent this condition.

Walsh PC. Campbell's Urology. 8th ed. St. Louis, Mo: WB Saunders; 2002.

Goldman L, Ausiello D. Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 22nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 2004.

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