Parathyroid adenoma

Definition

Parathyroid adenomas are non-cancerous (benign) tumors of the parathyroid glands, which are located in the neck.

Causes

The parathyroid glands help control the break down of calcium in the body. Parathyroid adenomas are the most common cause of hyperparathyroidism, which leads to high levels of calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia).

Parathyroid adenomas are generally caused by a problem with your genes.

Women over 60 are at highest risk. Radiation to your head or neck also increase your risk.

Symptoms

Many people have no symptoms. The condition is often discovered by accident when you are being examined for another problem.

Symptoms that may occur include the following:

• Lethargy
• Confusion
• Nausea
• Constipation
• Myalgias (muscle pains)
• Kidney stones
• Bone fractures

Exams and Tests

There may be signs of fractures.

Blood tests are done to check the levels of serum calcium, serum phosphorus, serum chloride, and serum bicarbonate.

A 24-urine test is done to check for increased calcium in the urine.

Other tests include:

• Bone density exam
• Kidney x-rays (may show kidney stones)
• Ultrasound or CT (may show kidney stones)
• MRI or Tc-thallium neck scan (may show enlarged parathyroid glands)

Treatment

Surgery is the most common treatment. However, many patients with mild hyperparathyroidism are not treated but are monitored for escalation of symptoms. Some postmenopausal women may consider estrogen replacement, which can help relieve symptoms and prevent bone loss.

Outlook (Prognosis)

Prognosis is generally good.

Possible Complications

Complications are less common today. They include advanced renal disease such as nephrocalcinosis and osteitis fibrosa cystica (advanced bone disease). Osteoporosis and the increased risk for bone fractures associated with it is the most common concern.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Call your health care provider if you have any signs or symptoms that may be linked to this disorder.

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