Hypokalemic periodic paralysis

Definition

Hypokalemic periodic paralysis is an inherited disorder that causes occasional episodes of muscle weakness.

Alternative Names

Causes

Hypokalemic periodic paralysis is a condition of intermittent episodes of muscle weakness and sometimes severe paralysis. It is one of a group of genetic disorders that includes hyperkalemic periodic paralysis and thyrotoxic periodic paralysis.

This disorder is distinguished from other forms of periodic paralysis in that people with this disorder have normal thyroid function and very low blood levels of potassium during episodes of weakness.

Hypokalemic periodic paralysis is a congenital (present from birth) condition. It can be inherited but occasionally occurs as a result of a non-inherited genetic mutation. In most cases, it is inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder (only one parent must transmit the gene for the baby to be affected).

The disorder involves attacks of muscle weakness or paralysis alternating with periods of normal muscle function. Attacks usually begin in adolescence, but they can occur before age 10. Attacks of intermittent weakness that do not begin until adulthood are rare and are usually caused by other disorders.

The frequency of attacks varies from daily to yearly. Episodes of muscle weakness usually last between a few hours and one day. Other forms of periodic paralysis may last longer.

During an attack of muscle weakness, there is a low level of potassium in the bloodstream. Serum potassium levels are normal between attacks. There is no decrease in total body potassium, however. Potassium flows from the bloodstream into muscle cells during attacks.

Insulin levels may affect the course of the disorder in some people because insulin increases the flow of potassium into cells.

Weakness most commonly affects the muscles of the arms and legs, but it may occasionally affect the eye muscles or the muscles involved in breathing and swallowing (which can be fatal).

Although muscle strength is initially normal between attacks, repeated attacks may eventually cause worsening and permanent muscle weakness between attacks.

Attacks may be triggered by eating meals high in carbohydrate or salt, or by consuming alcohol. Attacks most commonly occur after sleep or rest and are rare during exercise, but rest after an exercise period may trigger an attack. The risk is slightly higher in Asian men who also have thyroid disorders (thyrotoxic periodic paralysis).

Risks include having other family members with periodic paralysis.

Disorders that cause intermittent episodes of paralysis as their primary effect are uncommon. Hypokalemic periodic paralysis occurs in approximately 1 out of 100,000 people.

Symptoms

• Weakness or paralysis
  • Most commonly located at the shoulders and hips
  • Involves the arms and legs
  • Occurs intermittently
  • Most commonly occurs on awakening
  • May be triggered by rest after exercise
  • May be triggered by heavy, high-carbohydrate, high-salt meals or alcohol consumption
  • Usually lasts less than 24 hours
• Normal muscle strength between attacks
• Positive Babinski's reflex
• Eyelid spasms between episodes

Exams and Tests

The health care provider may suspect hypokalemic periodic paralysis if the symptoms come and go, potassium levels are low during attacks, and other disorders known to cause low potassium are not suspected. Hypokalemic periodic paralysis is also likely if other family members have the disorder.

Between attacks, a physical examination shows nothing abnormal. Before an attack there may be leg stiffness or heaviness in the legs. Performing mild exercise when these symptoms start may help prevent a full blown attack.

During an attack, muscle reflexes may be decreased or absent and muscles go limp rather than staying stiff. The muscle groups near the body, such as shoulders and hips are involved more often than the arms and legs.

• Serum potassium is low during attacks but normal between attacks (confirming the diagnosis of hypokalemic periodic paralysis).
• An ECG or heart tracing may be abnormal during attacks.
• An EMG or muscle tracing is usually normal between attacks and abnormal during attacks.
• A muscle biopsy may show abnormalities.

Treatment

Muscle weakness that involves the breathing or swallowing muscles is an emergency situation. Dangerous heart arrhythmias

The goals of treatment are relief of acute symptoms and prevention of further attacks.

Potassium that is given during an attack may stop the attack. It is preferred that potassium be given by mouth, but if weakness is severe, intravenous potassium may be necessary. Note: intravenous potassium should be given with caution, especially in individuals with kidney disease. Taking potassium will not prevent attacks.

A low-carbohydrate diet and avoidance of alcohol may be recommended.

Acetazolamide prevents attacks in many cases, possibly by reducing the flow of potassium from the bloodstream into the cells of the body. Potassium supplements may be necessary because acetazolamide may cause the body to lose potassium.

Triamterene or spironolactone may help to prevent attacks in people who do not respond to acetazolamide.

Outlook (Prognosis)

Chronic attacks may eventually result in progressive muscle weakness that is present even between attacks. Hypokalemic periodic paralysis responds well to treatment. Treatment may prevent, and even reverse, progressive muscle weakness.

Possible Complications

• Kidney stones (a side effect of acetazolamide)
• Heart arrhythmias during attacks
• Difficulty breathing, speaking, or swallowing during attacks (rare)
• Progressive muscle weakness

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Call your health care provider if you have intermittent muscle weakness, particularly if there is a family history of periodic paralysis.

Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if you faint or have difficulty breathing, speaking. or swallowing. These are emergency symptoms.

Prevention

Hypokalemic periodic paralysis cannot be prevented. Because it can be inherited, genetic counseling may be advised for couples at risk for the disorder.

Treatment of hypokalemic periodic paralysis prevents attacks of weakness.