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Bells palsy

Definition

Bell's palsy is a temporary form of facial paralysis. It results from damage to the nerve that controls movement of the muscles in the face.

Alternative Names

Causes

Bell's palsy is a form of cranial mononeuropathy VII, and it is the most common type of this nerve damage. Bell's palsy affects about 2 in 10,000 people.

Bell's palsy involves damage to the seventh cranial (facial) nerve. This nerve controls the movement of the muscles of the face. The cause is often not clear, although herpes infections may be involved.

Bell's palsy is thought to be linked to inflammation of the nerve in the area where it travels through the bones of the skull. Other conditions, such as sarcoidosis, diabetes, and Lyme disease, are associated with Bell's palsy.

Symptoms

Symptoms usually start suddenly, and range from mild to severe. They may include:

• Twitching in face
• Weakness in face
• Face feels stiff or pulled to one side
• Droopy eyelid or corner of mouth
• Drooling due to inability to control facial muscles
• Facial paralysis of one side of the face, makes it hard to close one eye
• Change in facial expression (for example, grimacing)
• Dry eye or mouth
• Loss of sense of taste
• Difficulty with eating and drinking
• Pain behind or in front of the ear, may occur 1-2 days before muscle weakness
• Sensitivity to sound (hyperacusis) on the side of the face affected
• Headache

Exams and Tests

Examination shows weakness in the upper and lower part of the face, usually on just one side. Weakness may affect the forehead, eyelid, or mouth. Blood pressure is normal.

Blood tests for sarcoidosis or Lyme disease may be considered. If there is no improvement in the facial paralysis after several weeks, an MRI is done to rule out other causes.

An EMG and nerve conduction studies may also be done to determine the severity of nerve damage.

Other causes of cranial mononeuropathy VII, such as head injury and tumor

Treatment

In many cases, no treatment is necessary. The goal of treatment is to relieve the symptoms.

Corticosteroids or antiviral medications may reduce swelling and relieve pressure on the facial nerve. These drugs must be given early to be most effective (preferably within 24 hours of the symptoms starting).

Lubricating eye drops or eye ointments may be recommended to protect the eye if it cannot be closed completely. You may need to wear an eye patch during sleep.

Surgery to relieve pressure on the nerve (decompression surgery) is controversial and has not been shown to routinely benefit people with Bell's palsy.

Outlook (Prognosis)

The outcome varies. Approximately 60 - 80% of cases go away completely within a few weeks to months. Some cases result in permanent changes. The disorder is not life threatening.

Possible Complications

• Disfigurement from loss of facial movement
• Damage to the eye (corneal ulcers and infections)
• Chronic spasm of face muscles or eyelids
• Chronic taste abnormalities
• Synkinesis (abnormality in re-innervation of muscles resulting in tears when laughing or inappropriate salivation)

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Call for an appointment with your health care provider if facial drooping or other symptoms of Bell's palsy occur. Only a trained health care provider can discriminate Bell's palsy from other, more serious conditions, such as stroke. If you develop signs of Bell's palsy, call your health care provider immediately so that a stroke can be ruled out as quickly as possible.

Prevention

Use of safety measures may reduce the incidence of head injury. Many of the other factors associated with this disorder are not readily preventable.